us but rather our own thoughts about them. The Greek philosopher Epictetus already knew this. He said: "Man does not suffer from conditions, but rather from the views he takes of them." For instance, if there is a rainy day, some people get depressed. Now rain will not cause us to be depressed, but the thoughts which we may entertain about the bad weather can torment us.
So man is burdened with the universal problem of managing his own thought processes in such a way as to escape suffering. Certain thoughts make us happy, while other thoughts can make us miserable. Of course unenlightened man does not realize that and he has a tendency to think in terms of cause and effect. When he falls into the trap of cause-and-effect thinking, he is inclined to blame some external factors for his internal torments. To the extent that his primitive thinking has him under control he blames external conditions for his unhappiness and, naturally, he is inclined to seek external remedies for his problems.
The meaning of all addictions could be defined as endeavors at controlling our life experiences with the help of external remedies. These remedies can be persons, places, things, and ideologies. Places, persons, and things are symbols, and their effect is ideational. Chemical substances affect the functioning of the organism by altering perceptivity and experience. So alcohol is a chemical substance which man uses to control his experience of life.
Unfortunately, all external means of improving our life experiences are doubled-edged swords: they are always good and bad. No external remedy improves our condition without, at the same time, making it worse. When Eve saw the beautiful apple on the tree of knowledge, she reached out for it to enhance her life experience, and by using this external means, she discovered good and evil. This is the original prototype of man’s quest for happiness — seeking the Kingdom of God on the outside rather than within consciousness.
In considering the story of Adam and Eve, it is helpful not to omit the role of the serpent. It was the serpent which was suggesting to Eve to reach out for external means. What does this talking serpent stand for? It stands for a mode of thinking based on sensory impressions, that is, judging by appearances. The universal tendency to judge by appearances is the source of all ignorance. Judging by appearances, man jumps to false conclusions and becomes a victim of his own errors.
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